“How are matter and vitality distributed?” requested Peter Schweitzer, a theoretical physicist on the College of Connecticut. “We don’t know.”
Schweitzer has spent most of his profession interested by the gravitational facet of the proton. Particularly, he’s thinking about a matrix of properties of the proton referred to as the energy-momentum tensor. “The energy-momentum tensor is aware of the whole lot there’s to be recognized concerning the particle,” he stated.
In Albert Einstein’s concept of normal relativity, which casts gravitational attraction as objects following curves in space-time, the energy-momentum tensor tells space-time how one can bend. It describes, for example, the association of vitality (or, equivalently, mass) — the supply of the lion’s share of space-time twisting. It additionally tracks details about how momentum is distributed, in addition to the place there might be compression or enlargement, which may additionally frivolously curve space-time.
If we might be taught the form of space-time surrounding a proton, Russian and American physicists independently labored out within the Nineteen Sixties, we might infer all of the properties listed in its energy-momentum tensor. These embody the proton’s mass and spin, that are already recognized, together with the association of the proton’s pressures and forces, a collective property physicists consult with because the “Druck time period,” after the phrase for stress in German. This time period is “as vital as mass and spin, and no one is aware of what it’s,” Schweitzer stated — although that’s beginning to change.
Within the ’60s, it appeared as if measuring the energy-momentum tensor and calculating the Druck time period would require a gravitational model of the same old scattering experiment: You fireplace an enormous particle at a proton and let the 2 trade a graviton — the hypothetical particle that makes up gravitational waves — relatively than a photon. However as a result of excessive weak spot of gravity, physicists count on graviton scattering to happen 39 orders of magnitude extra not often than photon scattering. Experiments can’t probably detect such a weak impact.
“I bear in mind studying about this once I was a pupil,” stated Volker Burkert, a member of the Jefferson Lab staff. The takeaway was that “we most likely won’t ever have the ability to be taught something about mechanical properties of particles.”
Gravity With out Gravity
Gravitational experiments are nonetheless unimaginable in the present day. However analysis within the late Nineteen Nineties and early 2000s by the physicists Xiangdong Ji and, working individually, the late Maxim Polyakov revealed a workaround.
The overall scheme is the next. While you fireplace an electron frivolously at a proton, it normally delivers a photon to one of many quarks and glances off. However in fewer than one in a billion occasions, one thing particular occurs. The incoming electron sends in a photon. A quark absorbs it after which emits one other photon a heartbeat later. The important thing distinction is that this uncommon occasion includes two photons as a substitute of 1 — each incoming and outgoing photons. Ji’s and Polyakov’s calculations confirmed that if experimentalists might accumulate the ensuing electron, proton and photon, they may infer from the energies and momentums of those particles what occurred with the 2 photons. And that two-photon experiment can be primarily as informative because the not possible graviton-scattering experiment.
How might two photons know something about gravity? The reply includes gnarly arithmetic. However physicists supply two methods of interested by why the trick works.
Photons are ripples within the electromagnetic subject, which may be described by a single arrow, or vector, at every location in house indicating the sector’s worth and path. Gravitons can be ripples within the geometry of space-time, a extra difficult subject represented by a mix of two vectors at each level. Capturing a graviton would give physicists two vectors of data. In need of that, two photons can stand in for a graviton, since additionally they collectively carry two vectors of data.
An alternate interpretation of the mathematics goes as follows. In the course of the second that elapses between when a quark absorbs the primary photon and when it emits the second, the quark follows a path by house. By probing this path, we are able to find out about properties just like the pressures and forces that encompass the trail.
“We’re not doing a gravitational experiment,” Lorcé stated. However “we must always receive oblique entry to how a proton ought to work together with a graviton.”
Probing Planet Proton
The Jefferson Lab physicists scraped collectively just a few two-photon scattering occasions in 2000. That proof of idea motivated them to construct a brand new experiment, and in 2007, they smashed electrons into protons sufficient occasions to amass roughly 500,000 graviton-mimicking collisions. Analyzing the experimental knowledge took one other decade.
From their index of space-time-bending properties, the staff extracted the elusive Druck time period, publishing their estimate of the proton’s inner pressures in Nature in 2018.
They discovered that within the coronary heart of the proton, the robust drive generates pressures of unimaginable depth — 100 billion trillion trillion pascals, or about 10 occasions the stress on the coronary heart of a neutron star. Farther out from the middle, the stress falls and finally turns inward, because it should for the proton to not blow itself aside. “This comes out of the experiment,” Burkert stated. “Sure, a proton is definitely steady.” (This discovering has no bearing on whether or not protons decay, nevertheless, which includes a special kind of instability predicted by some speculative theories.)
rn // Outline dataLayer and the gtag perform.rn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn perform gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rnrn // Default ad_storage to ‘denied’.rn gtag(‘consent’, ‘default’, {rn ‘ad_storage’: ‘denied’rn });rnu003c/script>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003cscript>(perform(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({‘gtm.begin’:rnnew Date().getTime(),occasion:’gtm.js’});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],rnj=d.createElement(s),dl=l!=’dataLayer’?’&l=”+l:”‘;j.async=true;j.src=rn’https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=’+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);rn})(window,doc,’script’,’dataLayer’,’GTM-KZGMXJ7′);u003c/script>rnu003c!– Finish Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cnoscript>u003ciframe src=”https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KZGMXJ7″rnheight=”0″ width=”0″ model=”show:none;visibility:hidden”>u003c/iframe>u003c/noscript>rnu003c!– Finish Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cscript>rnfunction getCookie(identify) {rn let worth = “; ” + doc.cookie;rn var elements = worth.cut up(“; ” + identify + “=”);rn if (elements.size === 2) return elements.pop().cut up(“;”).shift();rn}rnrnif(getCookie(‘acceptedPolicy’)) {rn// fb pixelrn!perform(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)rn{if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=perform()rn{n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}rn;rnif(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.model=’2.0′;rnn.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;rnt.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];rns.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,doc,’script’,rn’https://join.fb.internet/en_US/fbevents.js’);rnfbq(‘init’, ‘190747804793608’); rnfbq(‘monitor’, ‘PageView’);rnrn// chartbeatrnvar _sf_async_config = { uid: 65564, area: ‘quantamagazine.org’, useCanonical: true };(perform() {perform loadChartbeat(){ window._sf_endpt = (new Date()).getTime(); var e = doc.createElement(‘script’); e.setAttribute(‘language’, ‘javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘kind’, ‘textual content/javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘src’,’//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js’); doc.physique.appendChild(e); };var oldonload = window.onload;window.onload = (typeof window.onload != ‘perform’) ?loadChartbeat : perform(){ oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); };})();rnrn// parsleyrnconst head = doc.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rnconst parsleyScript = doc.createElement(“script”);rnparsleyScript.kind = “textual content/javascript”;rnparsleyScript.src = “//cdn.parsely.com/keys/quantamagazine.org/p.js”;rnparsleyScript.id = “parsley-cfg”;rn// finish parsleyrnrn//smartlookrn window.smartlook||(perform(d) {rn var o=smartlook=perform(){ o.api.push(arguments)},h=d.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rn var c=d.createElement(‘script’);o.api=new Array();c.async=true;c.kind=”textual content/javascript”;rn c.charset=”utf-8″;c.src=”https://rec.smartlook.com/recorder.js”;h.appendChild(c);rn })(doc);rn smartlook(‘init’, ‘3bac9c73fbc7f7f1c527d035a117e2b66f7c3e30’);rnrn// Google Advertisements conversionsrn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn perform gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rn gtag(‘js’, new Date());rnrn gtag(‘config’, ‘AW-10788252298′);rnrn}rnu003c/script>rn”,”google_analytics”:null,”tracking_scripts_no_cookie”:null,”google_analytics_no_cookie”:null,”popular_searches”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.0″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.1″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.2″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.3″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”search_topics”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.0″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.1″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.2″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.3″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.4″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.5″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.6″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.7″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.8″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”search_sections”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.2″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.3″,”typename”:”Term”}],”search_authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38171″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:28087″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29794″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53037″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39302″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:56″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47249″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29458″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:73″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53488″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39164″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8728″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11648″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50964″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50172″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51678″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42689″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:95″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52094″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57728″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15493″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:450″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36490″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16315″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2752″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15492″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:68″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54352″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:62″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13684″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13691″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50328″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15142″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8084″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:742″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51630″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11543″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7262″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:70″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55512″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19918″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13695″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32676″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13724″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26310″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30207″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19266″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13251″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17000″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53469″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54874″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17149″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5279″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:58″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32612″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53047″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27534″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:25173″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:64″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:98″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5830″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6793″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:75″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:69″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:77″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19092″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54635″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20557″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:66″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:46418″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:85″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54757″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37141″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:49403″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12170″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54876″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44787″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50541″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:72″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16475″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:91″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10351″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31716″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1241″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8463″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:49″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16815″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:67″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37462″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:87″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36139″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20556″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:90″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39551″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27374″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47633″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38413″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55855″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12570″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38699″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23451″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:79″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47180″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55532″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2333″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3569″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:414″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50807″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20495″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47830″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17147″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30953″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32437″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57270″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38705″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40613″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7186″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57384″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:34″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:74″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50861″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1472″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6476″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42264″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37605″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:43298″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37428″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19962″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51434″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57764″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1816″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:46889″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:84″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50804″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24011″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:100″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26114″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:9412″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:820″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1666″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20950″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:48″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:80″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15681″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51187″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24577″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:78″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23845″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:83″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55385″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53621″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:35441″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:76″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15680″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7239″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44197″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:65″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39028″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5944″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:61″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:63″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26311″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:71″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17148″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13356″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17150″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39768″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2960″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52224″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14785″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:88″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12964″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:86″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3244″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:89″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15913″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42263″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45757″,”typename”:”AuthorList”}],”address_to_editor”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.0″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.1″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.2″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.3″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.4″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.5″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.6″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.7″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.8″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.9″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.10″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.11″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.12″,”typename”:”Editor”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.address_to_editor.13″,”typename”:”Editor”}]},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices”:{“acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf”,”typename”:”ThemeOptions”},”__typename”:”Choices”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″,”kind”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”:{“custom_page_colors”:”background,textual content,accent”,”page_accent_color”:”#ff8600″,”page_text_color”:”#1a1a1a”,”page_background_color”:”#FFFFFF”,”header_type”:”default”,”header_gradient_color”:null,”header_gradient_opacity”:null,”header_solid_colors”:”major,secondary,hover”,”header_solid_primary_color”:”#1a1a1a”,”header_solid_secondary_color”:”#999999″,”header_solid_hover_color”:”#ff8600″,”header_transparent_colors”:null,”header_transparent_primary_color”:null,”header_transparent_secondary_color”:null,”header_transparent_hover_color”:null,”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″,”kind”:””}).knowledge.0″:{“acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″,”kind”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Put up”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″,”kind”:””})”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″,”type”:””}).data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPageMeta({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″,”kind”:””})”:{“redirect_path”:null,”meta”:”u003cmeta identify=”description” content material=”Lengthy-anticipated experiments that use gentle to imitate gravity are revealing the distribution of energies, forces and pressures inside a subatomic particle for the primary time.” />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture” content material=”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Social.webp” />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture:width” content material=”1200″ />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture:top” content material=”630″ />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture:alt” content material=”A disk options swirling crimson and orange traces within the central area and blue and pink traces nearer the sting. The disk seems to bend the space-time cloth round it.” />nu003cmeta property=”og:locale” content material=”en_US” />nu003cmeta property=”og:kind” content material=”article” />nu003cmeta property=”og:title” content material=”Swirling Forces, Crushing Pressures Measured within the Proton | Quanta Journal” />nu003cmeta property=”og:description” content material=”Lengthy-anticipated experiments that use gentle to imitate gravity are revealing the distribution of energies, forces and pressures inside a subatomic particle for the primary time.” />nu003cmeta property=”og:url” content material=”https://www.quantamagazine.org/swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314/” />nu003cmeta property=”og:site_name” content material=”Quanta Journal” />nu003cmeta property=”og:updated_time” content material=”2024-03-14T14:03+00:00″ />nu003cmeta property=”article:writer” content material=”https://www.fb.com/QuantaNews” />nu003cmeta property=”fb:app_id” content material=”533309373681765″ />nu003cmeta property=”article:published_time” content material=”2024-03-14T14:03+00:00″ />nu003cmeta property=”article:modified_time” content material=”2024-03-14T14:03+00:00″ />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:card” content material=”summary_large_image” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:website” content material=”@QuantaMagazine” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:creator” content material=”@walkingthedot” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:title” content material=”Swirling Forces, Crushing Pressures Measured within the Proton | Quanta Journal” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:description” content material=”Lengthy-anticipated experiments that use gentle to imitate gravity are revealing the distribution of energies, forces and pressures inside a subatomic particle for the primary time.” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:picture” content material=”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Social.webp” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:picture:alt” content material=”A disk options swirling crimson and orange traces within the central area and blue and pink traces nearer the sting. The disk seems to bend the space-time cloth round it.” />nu003clink rel=”canonical” href=”https://www.quantamagazine.org/swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314/” />nu003cscript kind=”software/ld+json”>{“@context”:”https://schema.org”,”@kind”:”BreadcrumbList”,”itemListElement”:[{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:1,”item”:{“@id”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/”,”name”:”Science and Math News”}},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:2,”item”:{“@id”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics/”,”name”:”Physics News, Interviews and Columns”}},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:3,”item”:{“@id”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314/”,”name”:”Swirling Forces, Crushing Pressures Measured in the Proton”}}]}u003c/script>n”,”__typename”:”PageMeta”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.0″:{“kind”:”fb”,”label”:”Fb”,”url”:”https://www.fb.com/QuantaNews”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.1″:{“kind”:”twitter”,”label”:”Twitter”,”url”:”https://twitter.com/QuantaMagazine”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.2″:{“kind”:”youtube”,”label”:”YouTube”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/QuantaScienceChannel”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.3″:{“kind”:”instagram”,”label”:”Instagram”,”url”:”https://instagram.com/quantamag”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.4″:{“kind”:”rss”,”label”:”RSS”,”url”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/feed/”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0″:{“title”:”The Pleasure of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and creator Steven Strogatz and the astrophysicist and creator Janna Levin interview main researchers concerning the nice scientific and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.featured_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”square_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.square_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-why/id1608948873″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/present/2FoxHraQSKwxV2HgUfwLMp”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi13aHk”,”subscribe_amazon_link”:”https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/806b37d3-45e1-4e03-8627-3cbec3c3e4d9/the-joy-of-why”,”prx_feed_url”:”https://pleasure.quantamagazine.org/”,”__typename”:”Channel”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:1440,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.featured_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.featured_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-520×293.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-1720×968.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-768×432.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.square_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cowl-3000-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:2560,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.square_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.square_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cowl-3000-520×520.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cowl-3000-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cowl-3000-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cowl-3000-1720×1720.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cowl-3000-768×768.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cowl-3000-2880×2880.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1″:{“title”:”Quanta Science Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth information episodes primarily based on Quanta Journal’s articles about arithmetic, physics, biology and pc science. “,”featured_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.featured_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”square_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.square_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/quanta-science-podcast/id1021340531?mt=2&ls=1″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/present/7oKXOpbHzbICFUcJNbZ5wF?si=jdnj9sTHSD2bj4hDMFLKEA”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdC8″,”subscribe_amazon_link”:””,”prx_feed_url”:””,”__typename”:”Channel”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.featured_image”:{“alt”:”textual content reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:1440,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.featured_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.featured_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-520×293.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-1720×968.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-768×432.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.square_image”:{“alt”:”textual content reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-scaled.jpg”,”width”:2560,”top”:2560,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.square_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.square_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-1720×1720.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-768×768.jpg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-2880×2880.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2″:{“title”:”The Pleasure of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and creator Steven Strogatz interviews among the world’s main scientists about their lives and work.”,”featured_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.featured_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”square_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.square_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-x/id1495067186″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/present/5HcCtKPH5gnOjRiMtTdC07?si=lFzCzat9QfuPU3hWuYibxQ”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi14Lw”,”subscribe_amazon_link”:””,”prx_feed_url”:””,”__typename”:”Channel”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”width”:1920,”top”:1080,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.featured_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.featured_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×293.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-1720×968.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-768×432.jpg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.square_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”width”:600,”top”:600,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.square_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.square_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.popular_searches.0″:{“time period”:”math”,”label”:”Arithmetic”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.popular_searches.1″:{“time period”:”physics”,”label”:”Physics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.popular_searches.2″:{“time period”:”black holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.popular_searches.3″:{“time period”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0″:{“kind”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”:{“identify”:”Quanta Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1″:{“kind”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”:{“identify”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2″:{“kind”:”Collection”,”label”:”Collection”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”:{“identify”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”:{“identify”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”:{“identify”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”:{“identify”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”:{“identify”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Weblog Posts”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”:{“identify”:”Abstractions weblog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7″:{“kind”:”information”,”label”:”Information Articles”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8″:{“kind”:”movies”,”label”:”Movies”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.0″:{“identify”:”Arithmetic”,”slug”:”arithmetic”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.1″:{“identify”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.2″:{“identify”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.3″:{“identify”:”Laptop Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”AuthorList:38171″:{“id”:”38171″,”identify”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:28087″:{“id”:”28087″,”identify”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29794″:{“id”:”29794″,”identify”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53037″:{“id”:”53037″,”identify”:”Alex Stone”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39302″:{“id”:”39302″,”identify”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:56″:{“id”:”56″,”identify”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47249″:{“id”:”47249″,”identify”:”Allison Parshall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29458″:{“id”:”29458″,”identify”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:73″:{“id”:”73″,”identify”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53488″:{“id”:”53488″,”identify”:”Amos Zeeberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39164″:{“id”:”39164″,”identify”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59″:{“id”:”59″,”identify”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8728″:{“id”:”8728″,”identify”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11648″:{“id”:”11648″,”identify”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50964″:{“id”:”50964″,”identify”:”Anna Funk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50172″:{“id”:”50172″,”identify”:”Anna Gibbs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51678″:{“id”:”51678″,”identify”:”Anna Kramer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42689″:{“id”:”42689″,”identify”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:95″:{“id”:”95″,”identify”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52094″:{“id”:”52094″,”identify”:”Arleen Santana”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57728″:{“id”:”57728″,”identify”:”Asher Elbein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15493″:{“id”:”15493″,”identify”:”Ashley Good”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:450″:{“id”:”450″,”identify”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36490″:{“id”:”36490″,”identify”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16315″:{“id”:”16315″,”identify”:”Invoice Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2752″:{“id”:”2752″,”identify”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15492″:{“id”:”15492″,”identify”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:68″:{“id”:”68″,”identify”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54352″:{“id”:”54352″,”identify”:”C. Brandon Ogbunu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:62″:{“id”:”62″,”identify”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13684″:{“id”:”13684″,”identify”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13691″:{“id”:”13691″,”identify”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50″:{“id”:”50″,”identify”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50328″:{“id”:”50328″,”identify”:”ccampbell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15142″:{“id”:”15142″,”identify”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8084″:{“id”:”8084″,”identify”:”Charlie Wooden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:742″:{“id”:”742″,”identify”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51630″:{“id”:”51630″,”identify”:”Christopher W. Younger”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11543″:{“id”:”11543″,”identify”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57″:{“id”:”57″,”identify”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7262″:{“id”:”7262″,”identify”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:70″:{“id”:”70″,”identify”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55512″:{“id”:”55512″,”identify”:”Dan Samorodnitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19918″:{“id”:”19918″,”identify”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13695″:{“id”:”13695″,”identify”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32676″:{“id”:”32676″,”identify”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13724″:{“id”:”13724″,”identify”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26310″:{“id”:”26310″,”identify”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30207″:{“id”:”30207″,”identify”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19266″:{“id”:”19266″,”identify”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13251″:{“id”:”13251″,”identify”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17000″:{“id”:”17000″,”identify”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53469″:{“id”:”53469″,”identify”:”Elise Cutts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54874″:{“id”:”54874″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Finkel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17149″:{“id”:”17149″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5279″:{“id”:”5279″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:58″:{“id”:”58″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32612″:{“id”:”32612″,”identify”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53047″:{“id”:”53047″,”identify”:”Elliot Lichtman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27534″:{“id”:”27534″,”identify”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:25173″:{“id”:”25173″,”identify”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:64″:{“id”:”64″,”identify”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47″:{“id”:”47″,”identify”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14784″:{“id”:”14784″,”identify”:”Erika Ok. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:98″:{“id”:”98″,”identify”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5830″:{“id”:”5830″,”identify”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6793″:{“id”:”6793″,”identify”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:75″:{“id”:”75″,”identify”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52″:{“id”:”52″,”identify”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:69″:{“id”:”69″,”identify”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:77″:{“id”:”77″,”identify”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19092″:{“id”:”19092″,”identify”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54635″:{“id”:”54635″,”identify”:”Hannah Waters”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20557″:{“id”:”20557″,”identify”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:66″:{“id”:”66″,”identify”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:46418″:{“id”:”46418″,”identify”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:85″:{“id”:”85″,”identify”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54757″:{“id”:”54757″,”identify”:”Jackson Ryan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37141″:{“id”:”37141″,”identify”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44758″:{“id”:”44758″,”identify”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:49403″:{“id”:”49403″,”identify”:”James R. Riordon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12170″:{“id”:”12170″,”identify”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54876″:{“id”:”54876″,”identify”:”Javier Barbuzano”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32″:{“id”:”32″,”identify”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51″:{“id”:”51″,”identify”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44787″:{“id”:”44787″,”identify”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50541″:{“id”:”50541″,”identify”:”John M. Beggs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:72″:{“id”:”72″,”identify”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16475″:{“id”:”16475″,”identify”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:91″:{“id”:”91″,”identify”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10351″:{“id”:”10351″,”identify”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31716″:{“id”:”31716″,”identify”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1241″:{“id”:”1241″,”identify”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8463″:{“id”:”8463″,”identify”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:49″:{“id”:”49″,”identify”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16815″:{“id”:”16815″,”identify”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:67″:{“id”:”67″,”identify”:”Ok.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37462″:{“id”:”37462″,”identify”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:87″:{“id”:”87″,”identify”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36139″:{“id”:”36139″,”identify”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20556″:{“id”:”20556″,”identify”:”Katherine Harmon Braveness”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:90″:{“id”:”90″,”identify”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39551″:{“id”:”39551″,”identify”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27374″:{“id”:”27374″,”identify”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40″:{“id”:”40″,”identify”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47633″:{“id”:”47633″,”identify”:”Konstantin Kakaes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45758″:{“id”:”45758″,”identify”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38413″:{“id”:”38413″,”identify”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55855″:{“id”:”55855″,”identify”:”Laura Dattaro”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12570″:{“id”:”12570″,”identify”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38699″:{“id”:”38699″,”identify”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23451″:{“id”:”23451″,”identify”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:79″:{“id”:”79″,”identify”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38″:{“id”:”38″,”identify”:”Lucy Studying-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47180″:{“id”:”47180″,”identify”:”Lyndie Chiou”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55532″:{“id”:”55532″,”identify”:”Madison Goldberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60″:{“id”:”60″,”identify”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2333″:{“id”:”2333″,”identify”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3569″:{“id”:”3569″,”identify”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:414″:{“id”:”414″,”identify”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50807″:{“id”:”50807″,”identify”:”Marta Zaraska”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20495″:{“id”:”20495″,”identify”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47830″:{“id”:”47830″,”identify”:”Matt von Hippel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17147″:{“id”:”17147″,”identify”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30953″:{“id”:”30953″,”identify”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32437″:{“id”:”32437″,”identify”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57270″:{“id”:”57270″,”identify”:”Maya Wei-Haas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38705″:{“id”:”38705″,”identify”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40613″:{“id”:”40613″,”identify”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7186″:{“id”:”7186″,”identify”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57384″:{“id”:”57384″,”identify”:”Michael Greshko”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14093″:{“id”:”14093″,”identify”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:34″:{“id”:”34″,”identify”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23″:{“id”:”23″,”identify”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:74″:{“id”:”74″,”identify”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19093″:{“id”:”19093″,”identify”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50861″:{“id”:”50861″,”identify”:”Mike Orcutt”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1472″:{“id”:”1472″,”identify”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6476″:{“id”:”6476″,”identify”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42264″:{“id”:”42264″,”identify”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52093″:{“id”:”52093″,”identify”:”Nadia Drake”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10″:{“id”:”10″,”identify”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37605″:{“id”:”37605″,”identify”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:43298″:{“id”:”43298″,”identify”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37428″:{“id”:”37428″,”identify”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19962″:{“id”:”19962″,”identify”:”Nola Taylor Tillman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51434″:{“id”:”51434″,”identify”:”Nona Griffin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57764″:{“id”:”57764″,”identify”:”Nora Bradford”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24″:{“id”:”24″,”identify”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1816″:{“id”:”1816″,”identify”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:46889″:{“id”:”46889″,”identify”:”Paul Chaikin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:84″:{“id”:”84″,”identify”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55″:{“id”:”55″,”identify”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50804″:{“id”:”50804″,”identify”:”Polly Stryker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31″:{“id”:”31″,”identify”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24011″:{“id”:”24011″,”identify”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:100″:{“id”:”100″,”identify”:”Quanta Journal”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2784″:{“id”:”2784″,”identify”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26114″:{“id”:”26114″,”identify”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:9412″:{“id”:”9412″,”identify”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:820″:{“id”:”820″,”identify”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1666″:{“id”:”1666″,”identify”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20950″:{“id”:”20950″,”identify”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:48″:{“id”:”48″,”identify”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:80″:{“id”:”80″,”identify”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15681″:{“id”:”15681″,”identify”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51187″:{“id”:”51187″,”identify”:”Robin Lloyd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24577″:{“id”:”24577″,”identify”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:78″:{“id”:”78″,”identify”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23845″:{“id”:”23845″,”identify”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:83″:{“id”:”83″,”identify”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55385″:{“id”:”55385″,”identify”:”Sarah Scoles”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53621″:{“id”:”53621″,”identify”:”Saugat Bolakhe”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:35441″:{“id”:”35441″,”identify”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:76″:{“id”:”76″,”identify”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15680″:{“id”:”15680″,”identify”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7239″:{“id”:”7239″,”identify”:”Shannon Corridor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44197″:{“id”:”44197″,”identify”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:65″:{“id”:”65″,”identify”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39028″:{“id”:”39028″,”identify”:”skhaled”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5944″:{“id”:”5944″,”identify”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:61″:{“id”:”61″,”identify”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:63″:{“id”:”63″,”identify”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26311″:{“id”:”26311″,”identify”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:71″:{“id”:”71″,”identify”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17148″:{“id”:”17148″,”identify”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13356″:{“id”:”13356″,”identify”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17150″:{“id”:”17150″,”identify”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39768″:{“id”:”39768″,”identify”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2960″:{“id”:”2960″,”identify”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52224″:{“id”:”52224″,”identify”:”Theo Nicitopoulos”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14785″:{“id”:”14785″,”identify”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3″:{“id”:”3″,”identify”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54″:{“id”:”54″,”identify”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:88″:{“id”:”88″,”identify”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12964″:{“id”:”12964″,”identify”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53″:{“id”:”53″,”identify”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:86″:{“id”:”86″,”identify”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3244″:{“id”:”3244″,”identify”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:89″:{“id”:”89″,”identify”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15913″:{“id”:”15913″,”identify”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42263″:{“id”:”42263″,”identify”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45757″:{“id”:”45757″,”identify”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.0″:{“identify”:”Invoice Andrews – Senior Editor, CS, Columns”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.1″:{“identify”:”Ben Brubaker – Workers CS Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.2″:{“identify”:”Matt Carlstrom – Senior Engagement Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.3″:{“identify”:”Jordana Cepelewicz – Senior Math Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.4″:{“identify”:”Nadia Drake – Senior Physics Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.5″:{“identify”:”Konstantin Kakaes – Senior Math Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.6″:{“identify”:”Thomas Lin – Editor in Chief”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.7″:{“identify”:”Michael Moyer – Deputy Editor, Physics, Math, CS”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.8″:{“identify”:”John Rennie – Deputy Editor, Biology, Podcasts”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.9″:{“identify”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu – Workers Biology Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.10″:{“identify”:”Samuel Velasco – Artwork Director”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.11″:{“identify”:”Charlie Wooden – Workers Physics Author”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.12″:{“identify”:”Christopher Younger – Director of Video”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.address_to_editor.13″:{“identify”:”Hannah Waters – Senior Biology Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).objects.0″:{“title”:”About Quanta”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/about/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).objects.1″:{“title”:”Archive”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/archive”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).objects.2″:{“title”:”Contact Us”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/contact-us/”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).objects.3″:{“title”:”Phrases & Situations”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/terms-conditions/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).objects.4″:{“title”:”Privateness Coverage”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/privacy-policy/”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”})”:{“objects”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.0″:{“title”:”Physics”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.1″:{“title”:”Arithmetic”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/arithmetic/”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.2″:{“title”:”Biology”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/biology/”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.3″:{“title”:”Laptop Science”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/computer-science/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.4″:{“title”:”Subjects”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/matters”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.5″:{“title”:”Archive”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/archive/”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”})”:{“objects”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.0″:{“title”:”Weblog”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/abstractions/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.1″:{“title”:”Columns”,”url”:”/tag/quantized”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.2″:{“title”:”Interviews”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/qa/”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.3″:{“title”:”Podcasts”,”url”:”/podcasts/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.4″:{“title”:”Puzzles”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/puzzles/”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.5″:{“title”:”Multimedia”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/multimedia/”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.6″:{“title”:”Movies”,”url”:”/movies”,”order”:7,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.7″:{“title”:”About Quanta”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/about/”,”order”:8,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”})”:{“objects”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.6″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.7″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″})”:{“kind”:”submit”,”meta”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″}).meta”,”typename”:”PageData”},”knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Post:136249″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″}).meta”:{“title”:”Swirling Forces, Crushing Pressures Measured within the Proton | Quanta Journal”,”max_num_pages”:0,”found_posts”:0,”extra_term”:””,”creator”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Creator:null”,”typename”:”Creator”},”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”PageData”},”Creator:null”:{“id”:null,”identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”url”:null,”public_email”:null,”fb”:null,”twitter”:null,”instagram”:null,”acf”:null,”__typename”:”Creator”},”Time period:null”:{“id”:null,”slug”:null,”identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”picture”:””,”__typename”:”Time period”},”Put up:136249″:{“id”:”136249″,”title”:”Swirling Forces, Crushing Pressures Measured within the Proton”,”excerpt”:”u003cp>Lengthy-anticipated experiments that use gentle to imitate gravity are revealing the distribution of energies, forces and pressures inside a subatomic particle for the primary time. u003c/p>n”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314/”,”slug”:”swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314″,”disqus”:”136249 https://www.quantamagazine.org/?p=136249″,”date”:”2024-03-14T10:03:46″,”featured_media_image”:null,”authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:136249.authors.0″,”typename”:”Author”}],”tags”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:136249.tags.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:136249.tags.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:136249.tags.2″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:136249.tags.3″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:136249.tags.4″,”typename”:”Term”}],”podcast”:null,”acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Put up”,”standing”:”publish”,”content material”:””,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Term:189″,”typename”:”Term”}],”attachments”:null,”series_prev”:null,”series_next”:null,”subsequent”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.subsequent”,”typename”:”PostPageArchive”}},”Put up:136249.authors.0″:{“identify”:”Charlie Wooden”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/authors/charlie-wood/”,”__typename”:”Creator”,”acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.authors.0.acf”,”typename”:”AuthorACF”}},”Put up:136249.tags.0″:{“slug”:”experimental-physics”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”experimental physics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/experimental-physics/”},”Put up:136249.tags.1″:{“slug”:”nuclear-physics”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”nuclear physics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/nuclear-physics/”},”Put up:136249.tags.2″:{“slug”:”particle-physics”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”particle physics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/particle-physics/”},”Put up:136249.tags.3″:{“slug”:”physics”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”physics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/physics/”},”Put up:136249.tags.4″:{“slug”:”quantum-chromodynamics”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”quantum chromodynamics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/quantum-chromodynamics/”},”$Put up:136249.acf”:{“featured_block_title”:””,”kicker”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.kicker”,”typename”:”Time period”},”featured_image_default”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_square”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_square”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_video”:”false”,”full_page_interactive”:false,”podcast_publish_date”:””,”__typename”:”ACFFields”,”interactive_type”:null,”iframe_url”:null,”return_cursor”:null,”exclude_blurb”:null,”exclude_entire_footer”:null,”interactive_html”:null,”interactive_css”:null,”interactive_js”:null,”interactive_blurb”:null,”related_article”:null,”modules”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.0″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.1″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.2″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.3″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.4″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.5″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.6″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.7″,”typename”:”ACFContent”}],”template”:”article”,”subtitle”:”Lengthy-anticipated experiments that use gentle to imitate gravity are revealing the distribution of energies, forces and pressures inside a subatomic particle for the primary time. “,”title_layout”:”default”,”title_background_type”:null,”title_background_image”:null,”title_background_video”:null,”title_background_attribution”:null,”title_background_image_gif”:null,”title_overlay_enable”:null,”title_overlay_color”:null,”title_overlay_opacity”:null,”title_text_color”:null,”featured_image_attribution”:”u003cp>Samuel Velasco/u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”featured_overlay_enable”:”false”,”featured_overlay_color”:null,”featured_overlay_opacity”:null,”collection”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.collection”,”typename”:”Time period”},”intro_content”:null,”make_image_full_width”:null,”hide_ad_on_post”:false},”$Put up:136249.acf.kicker”:{“identify”:”particle physics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/particle-physics/”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_default”:{“alt”:”A disk options swirling crimson and orange traces within the central area and blue and pink traces nearer the sting. The disk seems to bend the space-time cloth round it.”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Default.webp”,”width”:520,”top”:292,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Default.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Default-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Default.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Default.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Default.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Default.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_square”:{“alt”:”A disk options swirling crimson and orange traces within the central area and blue and pink traces nearer the sting. The disk seems to bend the space-time cloth round it.”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Thumbnail.webp”,”width”:300,”top”:300,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_square.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_square.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Thumbnail.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Thumbnail-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Thumbnail.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Thumbnail.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Thumbnail.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Thumbnail.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_full_width”:{“alt”:”A disk options swirling crimson and orange traces within the central area and blue and pink traces nearer the sting. The disk seems to bend the space-time cloth round it.”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-HP-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:1084,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-HP-520×220.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-HP-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-HP-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-HP-1720×729.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-HP-768×325.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-HP-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”Time period:189″:{“id”:”189″,”identify”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics/”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Put up:136249.authors.0.acf”:{“tagline”:”Workers Author”,”avatar”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.authors.0.acf.avatar”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”AuthorACF”},”$Put up:136249.authors.0.acf.avatar”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2021/11/CW_1.jpg”,”width”:1500,”top”:1500,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.authors.0.acf.avatar.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.authors.0.acf.avatar.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2021/11/CW_1-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2021/11/CW_1-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2021/11/CW_1-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2021/11/CW_1.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2021/11/CW_1-768×768.jpg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2021/11/CW_1.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”giant”,”regular_caption_right”:true,”settings”:”large_margin”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Samuel Velasco/u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Forces push a technique close to the proton’s middle and the other method close to its floor.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.0.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:”A disk options swirling crimson and orange traces within the central area and blue and pink traces nearer the sting. The disk seems to bend the space-time cloth round it.”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Lede-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:1441,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Lede-520×293.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Lede-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Lede-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Lede-1720×968.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Lede-768×432.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/ProtonBalloon-bySamuelVelasco-Lede-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.1″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:true,”content material”:”u003cp>Physicists have begun to discover the proton as if it have been a subatomic planet. Cutaway maps show newfound particulars of the particle’s inside. The proton’s core options pressures extra intense than in another recognized type of matter. Midway to the floor, clashing vortices of drive push towards one another. And the “planet” as a complete is smaller than earlier experiments had urged.u003c/p>nu003cp>The experimental investigations mark the subsequent stage within the quest to grasp the particle that anchors each atom and makes up the majority of our world.u003c/p>nu003cp>“We actually see it as opening up a totally new path that can change our method of trying on the basic construction of matter,” stated u003ca href=”https://www.jlab.org/Corridor-B/employees/bios/bio-elouadrhiri.html”>Latifa Elouadrhiriu003c/a>, a physicist on the Thomas Jefferson Nationwide Accelerator Facility in Newport Information, Virginia, who’s concerned within the effort.u003c/p>nu003cp>The experiments actually shine a brand new gentle on the proton. Over a long time, researchers have meticulously mapped out the electromagnetic affect of the positively charged particle. However within the new analysis, the Jefferson Lab physicists are as a substitute mapping the proton’s gravitational affect — particularly, the distribution of energies, pressures and shear stresses all through, which bend the space-time cloth in and across the particle. The researchers accomplish that by exploiting a peculiar method wherein pairs of photons, particles of sunshine, can imitate a graviton, the hypothesized particle that conveys the drive of gravity. By pinging the proton with photons, they not directly infer how gravity would work together with it, realizing a decades-old dream of interrogating the proton on this various method.u003c/p>nu003cp>“It’s a tour de drive,” stated u003ca href=”https://www.cpht.polytechnique.fr/?q=en/node/261″>Cédric Lorcéu003c/a>, a physicist on the Ecole Polytechnique in France who was not concerned within the work. “Experimentally, it’s extraordinarily difficult.”u003cstrong> u003c/robust>u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>From Photons to Gravitonsu003c/robust>u003c/h2>nu003cp>Physicists have realized an incredible quantity concerning the proton during the last 70 years by repeatedly hitting it with electrons. They know that its electrical cost extends roughly 0.8 femtometers, or quadrillionths of a meter, from its middle. They know that incoming electrons are inclined to look off one in every of three quarks — elementary particles with fractions of cost — that buzz about inside it. They’ve additionally noticed the deeply unusual consequence of quantum concept the place, in additional forceful collisions, electrons seem to u003ca href=”https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/”>encounter a frothy seau003c/a> made up of much more quarks in addition to gluons, the carriers of the so-called robust drive, which glues the quarks collectively.u003c/p>nu003cp>All this info comes from a single setup: You fireplace an electron at a proton, and the particles trade a single photon — the provider of the electromagnetic drive — and push one another away. This electromagnetic interplay tells physicists how quarks, as charged objects, have a tendency to rearrange themselves. However there’s much more to the proton than its electrical cost.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”inline”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Courtesy of Latifa Elouadrhiriu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Latifa Elouadrhiri, a senior employees scientist at Jefferson Laboratory, led the amassing of information from which she and her collaborators are actually calculating mechanical properties of the proton.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.2.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:”A girl in a vivid orange scarf stands in entrance of a staircase.”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/LatifaElouadrhiri-CourtesyofLatifaElouadrhiri.webp”,”width”:1300,”top”:1048,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/LatifaElouadrhiri-CourtesyofLatifaElouadrhiri-520×419.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/LatifaElouadrhiri-CourtesyofLatifaElouadrhiri-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/LatifaElouadrhiri-CourtesyofLatifaElouadrhiri-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/LatifaElouadrhiri-CourtesyofLatifaElouadrhiri.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/LatifaElouadrhiri-CourtesyofLatifaElouadrhiri-768×619.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/LatifaElouadrhiri-CourtesyofLatifaElouadrhiri.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.3″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003cp>“How are matter and vitality distributed?” requested u003ca href=”https://physics.uconn.edu/individual/peter-schweitzer/”>Peter Schweitzeru003c/a>, a theoretical physicist on the College of Connecticut. “We don’t know.”u003c/p>nu003cp>Schweitzer has spent most of his profession interested by the gravitational facet of the proton. Particularly, he’s thinking about a matrix of properties of the proton referred to as the energy-momentum tensor. “The energy-momentum tensor is aware of the whole lot there’s to be recognized concerning the particle,” he stated.u003c/p>nu003cp>In Albert Einstein’s concept of normal relativity, which casts gravitational attraction as objects following curves in space-time, the energy-momentum tensor tells space-time how one can bend. It describes, for example, the association of vitality (or, equivalently, mass) — the supply of the lion’s share of space-time twisting. It additionally tracks details about how momentum is distributed, in addition to the place there might be compression or enlargement, which may additionally frivolously curve space-time.u003c/p>nu003cp>If we might be taught the form of space-time surrounding a proton, u003ca href=”https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4744739″>Russianu003c/a> and u003ca href=”https://journals.aps.org/pr/summary/10.1103/PhysRev.144.1250″>Americanu003c/a> physicists independently labored out within the Nineteen Sixties, we might infer all of the properties listed in its energy-momentum tensor. These embody the proton’s mass and spin, that are already recognized, together with the association of the proton’s pressures and forces, a collective property physicists consult with because the “Druck time period,” after the phrase for stress in German. This time period is “as vital as mass and spin, and no one is aware of what it’s,” Schweitzer stated — although that’s beginning to change.u003c/p>nu003cp>Within the ’60s, it appeared as if measuring the energy-momentum tensor and calculating the Druck time period would require a gravitational model of the same old scattering experiment: You fireplace an enormous particle at a proton and let the 2 trade a graviton — the hypothetical particle that makes up gravitational waves — relatively than a photon. However as a result of excessive weak spot of gravity, physicists count on graviton scattering to happen 39 orders of magnitude extra not often than photon scattering. Experiments can’t probably detect such a weak impact.u003c/p>nu003cp>“I bear in mind studying about this once I was a pupil,” stated u003ca href=”https://www.jlab.org/div_dept/dir_off/personnel/bios/Bio-VBurkert.html”>Volker Burkertu003c/a>, a member of the Jefferson Lab staff. The takeaway was that “we most likely won’t ever have the ability to be taught something about mechanical properties of particles.”u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>Gravity With out Gravityu003c/robust>u003c/h2>nu003cp>Gravitational experiments are nonetheless unimaginable in the present day. However analysis within the late Nineteen Nineties and early 2000s by the physicists Xiangdong Ji and, working individually, the late Maxim Polyakov u003ca href=”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9603249″>revealedu003c/a> a u003ca href=”https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0210165″>workaroundu003c/a>.u003c/p>nu003cp>The overall scheme is the next. While you fireplace an electron frivolously at a proton, it normally delivers a photon to one of many quarks and glances off. However in fewer than one in a billion occasions, one thing particular occurs. The incoming electron sends in a photon. A quark absorbs it after which emits one other photon a heartbeat later. The important thing distinction is that this uncommon occasion includes two photons as a substitute of 1 — each incoming and outgoing photons. Ji’s and Polyakov’s calculations confirmed that if experimentalists might accumulate the ensuing electron, proton and photon, they may infer from the energies and momentums of those particles what occurred with the 2 photons. And that two-photon experiment can be primarily as informative because the not possible graviton-scattering experiment.u003c/p>nu003cdiv id=’component-65f323b521731′ class=””>u003cscript kind=”textual content/template”>{“kind”:”Picture”,”id”:”component-65f323b521731″,”knowledge”:{“id”:136310,”src”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”alt”:””,”class”:””,”width”:0,”top”:0,”mobileSrc”:{“ID”:136311,”id”:136311,”title”:”PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell”,”filename”:”PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”filesize”:38013,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314/proton_balloon-v4_fig_560-mobile/”,”alt”:””,”creator”:”52094″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”identify”:”proton_balloon-v4_fig_560-mobile”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:136249,”date”:”2024-03-14 13:23:57″,”modified”:”2024-03-14 13:23:57″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”picture/svg+xml”,”kind”:”picture”,”subtype”:”svg+xml”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/pictures/media/default.png”,”width”:0,”top”:0,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”thumbnail-width”:1,”thumbnail-height”:1,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”medium-width”:1,”medium-height”:1,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”medium_large-width”:1,”medium_large-height”:1,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”large-width”:1,”large-height”:1,”1536×1536″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”1536×1536-width”:1,”1536×1536-height”:1,”2048×2048″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”2048×2048-width”:1,”2048×2048-height”:1,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”square_small-width”:1,”square_small-height”:1,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Cell.svg”,”square_large-width”:1,”square_large-height”:1}},”zoomSrc”:false,”mobileZoomSrc”:false,”align”:”align=”inline””,”wrapper_width”:””,”caption”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Merrill Sherman/u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”variant”:”shortcode”,”measurement”:”default”,”disableZoom”:false,”disableMobileZoom”:false,”srcImage”:{“ID”:136310,”id”:136310,”title”:”PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop”,”filename”:”PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”filesize”:59114,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/swirling-forces-crushing-pressures-measured-in-the-proton-20240314/proton_balloon-v4_fig_560-desktop/”,”alt”:””,”creator”:”52094″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”identify”:”proton_balloon-v4_fig_560-desktop”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:136249,”date”:”2024-03-14 13:23:28″,”modified”:”2024-03-14 13:23:28″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”picture/svg+xml”,”kind”:”picture”,”subtype”:”svg+xml”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/pictures/media/default.png”,”width”:0,”top”:0,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”thumbnail-width”:1,”thumbnail-height”:1,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”medium-width”:1,”medium-height”:1,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”medium_large-width”:1,”medium_large-height”:1,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”large-width”:1,”large-height”:1,”1536×1536″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”1536×1536-width”:1,”1536×1536-height”:1,”2048×2048″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”2048×2048-width”:1,”2048×2048-height”:1,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”square_small-width”:1,”square_small-height”:1,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/PROTON_BALLOON-v4_Fig_560-Desktop.svg”,”square_large-width”:1,”square_large-height”:1}},”largeForPrint”:false,”externalLink”:””,”original_resolution”:false}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>How might two photons know something about gravity? The reply includes gnarly arithmetic. However physicists supply two methods of interested by why the trick works.u003c/p>nu003cp>Photons are ripples within the electromagnetic subject, which may be described by a single arrow, or vector, at every location in house indicating the sector’s worth and path. Gravitons can be ripples within the geometry of space-time, a extra difficult subject represented by a mix of two vectors at each level. Capturing a graviton would give physicists two vectors of data. In need of that, two photons can stand in for a graviton, since additionally they collectively carry two vectors of data.u003c/p>nu003cp>An alternate interpretation of the mathematics goes as follows. In the course of the second that elapses between when a quark absorbs the primary photon and when it emits the second, the quark follows a path by house. By probing this path, we are able to find out about properties just like the pressures and forces that encompass the trail.u003c/p>nu003cp>“We’re not doing a gravitational experiment,” Lorcé stated. However “we must always receive oblique entry to how a proton ought to work together with a graviton.”u003cstrong> u003c/robust>u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>Probing Planet Protonu003c/robust>u003c/h2>nu003cp>The Jefferson Lab physicists scraped collectively just a few two-photon scattering occasions in 2000. That proof of idea motivated them to construct a brand new experiment, and in 2007, they smashed electrons into protons sufficient occasions to amass roughly 500,000 graviton-mimicking collisions. Analyzing the experimental knowledge took one other decade.u003c/p>nu003cp>From their index of space-time-bending properties, the staff extracted the elusive Druck time period, publishing u003ca href=”https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0060-z”>their estimateu003c/a> of the proton’s inner pressures in u003cem>Natureu003c/em> in 2018.u003c/p>nu003cp>They discovered that within the coronary heart of the proton, the robust drive generates pressures of unimaginable depth — 100 billion trillion trillion pascals, or about 10 occasions the stress on the coronary heart of a neutron star. Farther out from the middle, the stress falls and finally turns inward, because it should for the proton to not blow itself aside. “This comes out of the experiment,” Burkert stated. “Sure, a proton is definitely steady.” (This discovering has no bearing on u003ca href=”https://www.quantamagazine.org/no-proton-decay-means-grand-unification-must-wait-20161215/”>whether or not protons decayu003c/a>, nevertheless, which includes a special kind of instability predicted by some speculative theories.)u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”common”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Merrill Sherman/u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:””,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.4.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:”u003cp>Merrill Sherman/u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v3_920-Desktop-1.svg”,”width”:0,”top”:0,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v3_920-Desktop-1.svg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v3_920-Desktop-1.svg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v3_920-Desktop-1.svg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v3_920-Desktop-1.svg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v3_920-Desktop-1.svg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v3_920-Desktop-1.svg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v4_560-Cell-1.svg”,”width”:0,”top”:0,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v4_560-Cell-1.svg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v4_560-Cell-1.svg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v4_560-Cell-1.svg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v4_560-Cell-1.svg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v4_560-Cell-1.svg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/NewViewsoftheProtonbyMerrillSherman-v4_560-Cell-1.svg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.5″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003cp>The Jefferson Lab group continued to research the Druck time period. They launched an estimate of the shear forces — inner forces pushing parallel to the proton’s floor — as a part of a overview u003ca href=”https://journals.aps.org/rmp/summary/10.1103/RevModPhys.95.041002″>printed in Decemberu003c/a>. The physicists discovered that near its core, the proton experiences a twisting drive that will get neutralized by a twisting within the different path nearer the floor. These measurements additionally underscore the particle’s stability. The twists had been anticipated primarily based on theoretical work from Schweitzer and Polyakov. “Nonetheless, witnessing it rising from the experiment for the primary time is actually astounding,” Elouadrhiri stated.u003c/p>nu003cp>Now they’re utilizing these instruments to calculate the proton’s measurement in a brand new method. In conventional scattering experiments, physicists had noticed that the particle’s electrical cost extends about 0.8 femtometers from its middle (that’s, its constituent quarks buzz about in that area). However that “cost radius” has some quirks. Within the case of the neutron, for example — the proton’s impartial counterpart, wherein two negatively charged quarks have a tendency to hang around deep contained in the particle whereas one positively charged quark spends extra time close to the floor — the cost radius comes out as a damaging quantity. “It doesn’t imply the dimensions is damaging; it’s simply not a devoted measure,” Schweitzer stated.u003c/p>nu003cp>The brand new strategy measures the area of space-time that’s considerably curved by the proton. In a preprint that has not but been peer reviewed, the Jefferson Lab staff calculated that this radius could also be u003ca href=”https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11568″>about 25% smalleru003c/a> than the cost radius, simply 0.6 femtometers.u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>Planet Proton’s Limits u003c/robust>u003c/h2>nu003cp>Conceptually, this type of evaluation smooths out the blurry dance of quarks right into a stable, planetlike object, with pressures and forces appearing on every speck of quantity. That frozen planet doesn’t absolutely mirror the raucous proton in all its quantum glory, but it surely’s a helpful mannequin. “It’s an interpretation,” Schweitzer stated.u003c/p>nu003cp>And physicists stress that the preliminary maps are tough, for just a few causes.u003c/p>nu003cp>First, exactly measuring the energy-momentum tensor would require a lot increased collision energies than Jefferson Lab can produce. The staff has labored onerous to rigorously extrapolate tendencies from the comparatively low energies they’ll entry, however physicists stay not sure how correct these extrapolations are.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”inline”,”regular_caption_right”:true,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>u003cspan model=”font-weight: 300;”>Thomas Jefferson Nationwide Accelerator Facilityu003c/span>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>As a pupil, Volker Burkert learn that instantly measuring the gravitational properties of the proton was not possible. Right now he participates in a collaboration at Jefferson Laboratory that’s within the technique of teasing out those self same properties not directly.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.acf.modules.6.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:”A person in a tough hat stands in entrance of a gleaming steel cylinder.”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/VolkerBurkert-byThomasJeffersonNationalAcceleratorFacility.webp”,”width”:1300,”top”:953,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/VolkerBurkert-byThomasJeffersonNationalAcceleratorFacility-520×381.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/VolkerBurkert-byThomasJeffersonNationalAcceleratorFacility-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/VolkerBurkert-byThomasJeffersonNationalAcceleratorFacility-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/VolkerBurkert-byThomasJeffersonNationalAcceleratorFacility.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/VolkerBurkert-byThomasJeffersonNationalAcceleratorFacility-768×563.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/VolkerBurkert-byThomasJeffersonNationalAcceleratorFacility.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”top”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.acf.modules.7″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003cp>Furthermore, the proton is greater than its quarks; it additionally incorporates gluons, which slosh round with their very own pressures and forces. The 2-photon trick can’t detect gluons’ results. A separate staff at Jefferson Lab used a similar trick (involving a double-gluon interplay) to publish a preliminary gravitational map of those gluon results in u003cem>Nature u003c/em>u003ca href=”https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05730-4″>final yearu003c/a>, but it surely too was primarily based on restricted, low-energy knowledge.u003c/p>nu003cp>“It’s a primary step,” stated Yoshitaka Hatta, a physicist at Brookhaven Nationwide Laboratory who was impressed to begin finding out the gravitational proton after the Jefferson Lab group’s 2018 work.u003c/p>nu003cp>Sharper gravitational maps of each the proton’s quarks and its gluons might come within the 2030s when the Electron-Ion Collider, an experiment at the moment underneath development at Brookhaven, will start operations.u003c/p>nu003cp>Within the meantime, physicists are pushing forward with digital experiments. u003ca href=”https://physics.mit.edu/college/phiala-shanahan/”>Phiala Shanahanu003c/a>, a nuclear and particle physicist on the Massachusetts Institute of Know-how, leads a staff that computes the conduct of quarks and gluons ranging from the equations of the robust drive. In 2019, she and her collaborators u003ca href=”https://journals.aps.org/prl/summary/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.072003″>estimated the pressuresu003c/a> and shear forces, and in October, they u003ca href=”https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08484″>estimated the radiusu003c/a>, amongst different properties. Up to now, their digital findings have broadly aligned with Jefferson Lab’s bodily ones. “I’m actually fairly excited by the consistency between latest experimental outcomes and our knowledge,” Shanahan stated.u003c/p>nu003cp>Even the blurry glimpses of the proton attained to date have gently reshaped researchers’ understanding of the particle.u003c/p>nu003cp>Some penalties are sensible. At CERN, the European group that runs the Massive Hadron Collider, the world’s largest proton smasher, physicists had beforehand assumed that in sure uncommon collisions, quarks may very well be wherever throughout the colliding protons. However the gravitationally impressed maps recommend that quarks have a tendency to hang around close to the middle in such instances.u003c/p>nu003cp>“Already the fashions they use at CERN have been up to date,” stated Francois-Xavier Girod, a Jefferson Lab physicist who labored on the experiments.u003c/p>nu003cdiv id=’component-65f323b524a27’ class=”related-list”>u003cscript kind=”textual content/template”>{“kind”:”LinkList”,”id”:”component-65f323b524a27″,”knowledge”:{“title”:”Associated:”,”class”:”related-list”,”hyperlinks”:[{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/”,”title”:”Inside the Proton, the u2018Most Complicated Thing You Could Possibly Imagineu2019″},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/decades-long-quest-reveals-details-of-the-protons-inner-antimatter-20210224/”,”title”:”Decades-Long Quest Reveals Details of the Protonu2019s Inner Antimatter”},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-map-of-the-standard-model-of-particle-physics-20201022/”,”title”:”A New Map of All the Particles and Forces”}]}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>The brand new maps may supply steerage towards resolving one of many deepest mysteries of the proton: why quarks bind themselves into protons in any respect. There’s an intuitive argument that as a result of the robust drive between every pair of quarks intensifies as they get additional aside, like an elastic band, quarks can by no means escape from their comrades.u003c/p>nu003cp>However protons are created from the lightest members of the quark household. And light-weight quarks will also be regarded as prolonged waves extending past the proton’s floor. This image means that the binding of the proton might come about not by the interior pulling of elastic bands however by some exterior interplay between these wavy, drawn-out quarks. The stress map reveals the attraction of the robust drive extending all the best way out to 1.4 femtometers and past, bolstering the argument for such various theories.u003c/p>nu003cp>“It’s not a particular reply,” Girod stated, “but it surely factors towards the truth that these easy pictures with elastic bands usually are not related for gentle quarks.”u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Put up:136249.acf.collection”:{“identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0″:{“title”:”What Is Quantum Teleportation?”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/what-is-quantum-teleportation-20240314/”,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.next.data.0.categories.0″,”typename”:”Term”}],”featured_media_image”:null,”acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Put up”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.classes.0″:{“slug”:”physics”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”:{“template”:”article”,”featured_block_title”:””,”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_image_default”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-Default.webp”,”width”:520,”top”:292,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-Default.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-Default-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-Default.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-Default.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-Default.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-Default.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-HP-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”top”:1084,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-HP-520×220.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-HP-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-HP-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-HP-1720×729.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-HP-768×325.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/03/JoY-S3E4-QuantumTeleport-byPeterGreenwood-HP-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Put up:136249.subsequent”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:136249.next.data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”}}n”,”settings”:{“socialLinks”:[{“type”:”facebook”,”label”:”Facebook”,”url”:”https://www.facebook.com/QuantaNews”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”twitter”,”label”:”Twitter”,”url”:”https://twitter.com/QuantaMagazine”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”youtube”,”label”:”YouTube”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/QuantaScienceChannel”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”instagram”,”label”:”Instagram”,”url”:”https://instagram.com/quantamag”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”rss”,”label”:”RSS”,”url”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/feed/”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”}],”newsletterAction”:”https://quantamagazine.us1.list-manage.com/subscribe/submit?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&id=f0cb61321c”,”newsletterUrl”:”http://us1.campaign-archive2.com/dwelling/?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&id=f0cb61321c”,”sfNotice”:”An editorially impartial publication supported by the Simons Basis.”,”commentsHeader”:”Quanta Journal moderates feedback to facilitate an knowledgeable, substantive, civil dialog. Abusive, profane, self-promotional, deceptive, incoherent or off-topic feedback might be rejected. Moderators are staffed throughout common enterprise hours (New York time) and might solely settle for feedback written in English. n”,”channels”:[{“title”:”The Joy of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and author Steven Strogatz and the astrophysicist and author Janna Levin interview leading researchers about the great scientific and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”height”:1440,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-520×293.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-1720×968.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-768×432.webp”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-S3-LaunchEssay-byPeterGreenwood-Lede-LOGO-1-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”square_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cover-3000-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”height”:2560,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cover-3000-520×520.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cover-3000-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cover-3000-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cover-3000-1720×1720.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cover-3000-768×768.webp”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Cover-3000-2880×2880.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-why/id1608948873″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/show/2FoxHraQSKwxV2HgUfwLMp”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi13aHk”,”subscribe_amazon_link”:”https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/806b37d3-45e1-4e03-8627-3cbec3c3e4d9/the-joy-of-why”,”prx_feed_url”:”https://joy.quantamagazine.org/”,”__typename”:”Channel”},{“title”:”Quanta Science Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth news episodes based on Quanta Magazine’s articles about mathematics, physics, biology and computer science. “,”featured_image”:{“alt”:”text reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”height”:1440,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-520×293.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-1720×968.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-768×432.webp”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Lede-QSP-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”square_image”:{“alt”:”text reads Quanta Science Podcast”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-scaled.jpg”,”width”:2560,”height”:2560,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-1720×1720.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-768×768.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2023/03/Show_Cover-QSP-2880×2880.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/quanta-science-podcast/id1021340531?mt=2&ls=1″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/show/7oKXOpbHzbICFUcJNbZ5wF?si=jdnj9sTHSD2bj4hDMFLKEA”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdC8″,”subscribe_amazon_link”:””,”prx_feed_url”:””,”__typename”:”Channel”},{“title”:”The Joy of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and author Steven Strogatz interviews some of the world’s leading scientists about their lives and work.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”width”:1920,”height”:1080,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×293.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-1720×968.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-768×432.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”square_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”width”:600,”height”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-x/id1495067186″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/show/5HcCtKPH5gnOjRiMtTdC07?si=lFzCzat9QfuPU3hWuYibxQ”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi14Lw”,”subscribe_amazon_link”:””,”prx_feed_url”:””,”__typename”:”Channel”}],”editors”:[{“name”:”Bill Andrews – Senior Editor, CS, Columns”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Ben Brubaker – Staff CS Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Matt Carlstrom – Senior Engagement Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Jordana Cepelewicz – Senior Math Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Nadia Drake – Senior Physics Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Konstantin Kakaes – Senior Math Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Thomas Lin – Editor in Chief”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Michael Moyer – Deputy Editor, Physics, Math, CS”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”John Rennie – Deputy Editor, Biology, Podcasts”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu – Staff Biology Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Samuel Velasco – Art Director”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Charlie Wood – Staff Physics Writer”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Christopher Young – Director of Video”,”__typename”:”Editor”},{“name”:”Hannah Waters – Senior Biology Editor”,”__typename”:”Editor”}],”popularSearches”:[{“term”:”math”,”label”:”Mathematics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”physics”,”label”:”Physics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”black holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”searchTopics”:[{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“name”:”Quanta Podcast”,”slug”:”quanta-podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“name”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Series”,”label”:”Series”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“name”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Blog Posts”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Abstractions blog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”news”,”label”:”News Articles”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”videos”,”label”:”Videos”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”searchSections”:[{“name”:”Mathematics”,”slug”:”mathematics”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Computer Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Term”}],”searchAuthors”:[{“id”:”38171″,”name”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”28087″,”name”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29794″,”name”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53037″,”name”:”Alex Stone”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39302″,”name”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”56″,”name”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47249″,”name”:”Allison Parshall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29458″,”name”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”73″,”name”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53488″,”name”:”Amos Zeeberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39164″,”name”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59″,”name”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8728″,”name”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11648″,”name”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50964″,”name”:”Anna Funk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50172″,”name”:”Anna Gibbs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51678″,”name”:”Anna Kramer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42689″,”name”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”95″,”name”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52094″,”name”:”Arleen Santana”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57728″,”name”:”Asher Elbein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15493″,”name”:”Ashley Smart”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”450″,”name”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36490″,”name”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16315″,”name”:”Bill Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2752″,”name”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15492″,”name”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”68″,”name”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54352″,”name”:”C. Brandon Ogbunu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”62″,”name”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13684″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13691″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50″,”name”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50328″,”name”:”ccampbell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15142″,”name”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8084″,”name”:”Charlie Wood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”742″,”name”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51630″,”name”:”Christopher W. Young”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11543″,”name”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57″,”name”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7262″,”name”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”70″,”name”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55512″,”name”:”Dan Samorodnitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19918″,”name”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13695″,”name”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32676″,”name”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13724″,”name”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26310″,”name”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30207″,”name”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19266″,”name”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13251″,”name”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17000″,”name”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53469″,”name”:”Elise Cutts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54874″,”name”:”Elizabeth Finkel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17149″,”name”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5279″,”name”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”58″,”name”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32612″,”name”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53047″,”name”:”Elliot Lichtman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27534″,”name”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”25173″,”name”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”64″,”name”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47″,”name”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14784″,”name”:”Erika K. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”98″,”name”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5830″,”name”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6793″,”name”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”75″,”name”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52″,”name”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”69″,”name”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”77″,”name”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19092″,”name”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54635″,”name”:”Hannah Waters”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20557″,”name”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”66″,”name”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”46418″,”name”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”85″,”name”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54757″,”name”:”Jackson Ryan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37141″,”name”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44758″,”name”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”49403″,”name”:”James R. Riordon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12170″,”name”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54876″,”name”:”Javier Barbuzano”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32″,”name”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51″,”name”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44787″,”name”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50541″,”name”:”John M. Beggs”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”72″,”name”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16475″,”name”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”91″,”name”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10351″,”name”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31716″,”name”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1241″,”name”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8463″,”name”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”49″,”name”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16815″,”name”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”67″,”name”:”K.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37462″,”name”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”87″,”name”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36139″,”name”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20556″,”name”:”Katherine Harmon Courage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”90″,”name”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39551″,”name”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27374″,”name”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40″,”name”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47633″,”name”:”Konstantin Kakaes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45758″,”name”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38413″,”name”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55855″,”name”:”Laura Dattaro”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12570″,”name”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38699″,”name”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23451″,”name”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”79″,”name”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38″,”name”:”Lucy Reading-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47180″,”name”:”Lyndie Chiou”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55532″,”name”:”Madison Goldberg”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60″,”name”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2333″,”name”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3569″,”name”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”414″,”name”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50807″,”name”:”Marta Zaraska”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20495″,”name”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47830″,”name”:”Matt von Hippel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17147″,”name”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30953″,”name”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32437″,”name”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57270″,”name”:”Maya Wei-Haas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38705″,”name”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40613″,”name”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7186″,”name”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57384″,”name”:”Michael Greshko”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14093″,”name”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”34″,”name”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23″,”name”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”74″,”name”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19093″,”name”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50861″,”name”:”Mike Orcutt”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1472″,”name”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6476″,”name”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42264″,”name”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52093″,”name”:”Nadia Drake”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10″,”name”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37605″,”name”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”43298″,”name”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37428″,”name”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19962″,”name”:”Nola Taylor Tillman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51434″,”name”:”Nona Griffin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57764″,”name”:”Nora Bradford”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24″,”name”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1816″,”name”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”46889″,”name”:”Paul Chaikin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”84″,”name”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55″,”name”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50804″,”name”:”Polly Stryker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31″,”name”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24011″,”name”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”100″,”name”:”Quanta Magazine”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2784″,”name”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26114″,”name”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”9412″,”name”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”820″,”name”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1666″,”name”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20950″,”name”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”48″,”name”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”80″,”name”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15681″,”name”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51187″,”name”:”Robin Lloyd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24577″,”name”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”78″,”name”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23845″,”name”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”83″,”name”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55385″,”name”:”Sarah Scoles”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53621″,”name”:”Saugat Bolakhe”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”35441″,”name”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”76″,”name”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15680″,”name”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7239″,”name”:”Shannon Hall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44197″,”name”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”65″,”name”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39028″,”name”:”skhaled”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5944″,”name”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”61″,”name”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”63″,”name”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26311″,”name”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”71″,”name”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17148″,”name”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13356″,”name”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17150″,”name”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39768″,”name”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2960″,”name”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52224″,”name”:”Theo Nicitopoulos”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14785″,”name”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3″,”name”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54″,”name”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”88″,”name”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12964″,”name”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53″,”name”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”86″,”name”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3244″,”name”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”89″,”name”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15913″,”name”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42263″,”name”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45757″,”name”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”}],”adBehavior”:”article_only”,”adUrl”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/pleasure”,”adAlt”:”The Pleasure of Why with Steven Strogatz and Janna Levin. New episodes each different Thursday.”,”adImageHome”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Advertisements-2024_Web-Default.jpg”,”adImageArticle”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Advertisements-2024_Article.jpg”,”adImageTablet”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Advertisements-2024_Tablet.jpg”,”adImageMobile”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2024/01/JoY-Advertisements-2024_Mobile.webp”,”trackingScripts”:”rnrnrnrnrnrnrnrn”},”theme”:{“web page”:{“sorts”:”background,textual content,accent”,”accent”:”#ff8600″,”textual content”:”#1a1a1a”,”background”:”#FFFFFF”},”header”:{“kind”:”default”,”gradient”:{“coloration”:”white”},”stable”:{“sorts”:”major,secondary,hover”,”major”:”#1a1a1a”,”secondary”:”#999999″,”hover”:”#ff8600″},”clear”:{“major”:”white”,”secondary”:”white”,”hover”:”#ff8600″}}},”redirect”:null,”fallbackImage”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”width”:1200,”top”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2017/04/default-520×260.gif”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2017/04/default-160×160.gif”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2017/04/default-520×520.gif”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2017/04/default-768×384.gif”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.internet/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”}},”modals”:{“loginModal”:false,”signUpModal”:false,”forgotPasswordModal”:false,”resetPasswordModal”:false,”lightboxModal”:false,”callback”:null,”props”:null},”podcast”:{“id”:null,”enjoying”:false,”period”:0,”currentTime”:0},”person”:{“loggedIn”:false,”savedArticleIDs”:[],”userEmail”:””,”editor”:false},”feedback”:{“open”:false},”cookies”:{“acceptedCookie”:false}},
env: {
APP_URL: ‘https://www.quantamagazine.org’,
NODE_ENV: ‘manufacturing’,
WP_URL: ‘https://api.quantamagazine.org’,
HAS_GOOGLE_ID: true,
HAS_FACEBOOK_ID: true,
},
}