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The JunoCam instrument aboard NASA’s Juno spacecraft captured two volcanic plumes rising above the horizon of Jupiter’s moon Io. The picture was taken Feb. 3 from a distance of about 2,400 miles (3,800 kilometers). Credit score: Picture knowledge: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS, Picture processing by Andrea Luck (CC BY)
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The JunoCam instrument aboard NASA’s Juno spacecraft captured two volcanic plumes rising above the horizon of Jupiter’s moon Io. The picture was taken Feb. 3 from a distance of about 2,400 miles (3,800 kilometers). Credit score: Picture knowledge: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS, Picture processing by Andrea Luck (CC BY)
New findings from NASA’s Juno probe present a fuller image of how widespread the lava lakes are on Jupiter’s moon Io and embody first-time insights into the volcanic processes at work there. These outcomes come courtesy of Juno’s Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) instrument, contributed by the Italian House Company, which “sees” in infrared mild. Researchers have printed a paper on Juno’s most up-to-date volcanic discoveries in Communications Earth and Setting.
Io has intrigued astronomers since 1610, when Galileo Galilei first found the Jovian moon, which is barely bigger than Earth. Some 369 years later, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft captured a volcanic eruption on the moon. Subsequent missions to Jupiter, with extra Io flybys, found further plumes—together with lava lakes. Scientists now consider Io, which is stretched and squeezed like an accordion by neighboring moons and big Jupiter itself, is essentially the most volcanically lively world within the photo voltaic system. However whereas there are numerous theories on the forms of volcanic eruptions throughout the floor of the moon, little supporting knowledge exists.
In each Might and October 2023, Juno flew by Io, coming inside about 21,700 miles (35,000 kilometers) and eight,100 miles (13,000 kilometers), respectively. Amongst Juno’s devices getting an excellent have a look at the beguiling moon was JIRAM.
Designed to seize the infrared mild (which isn’t seen to the human eye) rising from deep inside Jupiter, JIRAM probes the climate layer all the way down to 30 to 45 miles (50 to 70 kilometers) beneath the fuel large’s cloud tops. However throughout Juno’s prolonged mission, the mission workforce additionally used the instrument to review the moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The JIRAM Io imagery confirmed the presence of brilliant rings surrounding the flooring of quite a few sizzling spots.
“The excessive spatial decision of JIRAM’s infrared pictures, mixed with the favorable place of Juno in the course of the flybys, revealed that the entire floor of Io is roofed by lava lakes contained in caldera-like options,” mentioned Alessandro Mura, a Juno co-investigator from the Nationwide Institute for Astrophysics in Rome. “Within the area of Io’s floor wherein we’ve essentially the most full knowledge, we estimate about 3% of it’s coated by considered one of these molten lava lakes.” (A caldera is a big melancholy shaped when a volcano erupts and collapses.)
Infrared knowledge collected Oct. 15, 2023, by the JIRAM instrument aboard NASA’s Juno reveals Chors Patera, a lava lake on Jupiter’s moon Io. The workforce believes the lake is basically coated by a thick, molten crust, with a sizzling ring across the edges the place lava from Io’s inside is immediately uncovered to area. Credit score: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/ASI/INAF/JIRAM/MSSS
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Infrared knowledge collected Oct. 15, 2023, by the JIRAM instrument aboard NASA’s Juno reveals Chors Patera, a lava lake on Jupiter’s moon Io. The workforce believes the lake is basically coated by a thick, molten crust, with a sizzling ring across the edges the place lava from Io’s inside is immediately uncovered to area. Credit score: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/ASI/INAF/JIRAM/MSSS
Fireplace-breathing lakes
JIRAM’s Io flyby knowledge not solely highlights the moon’s considerable lava reserves, but in addition offers a glimpse of what could also be occurring beneath the floor. Infrared pictures of a number of Io lava lakes present a skinny circle of lava on the border, between the central crust that covers a lot of the lava lake and the lake’s partitions. Recycling of soften is implied by the dearth of lava flows on and past the rim of the lake, indicating that there’s a steadiness between soften that has erupted into the lava lakes and soften that’s circulated again into the subsurface system.
“We now have an thought of what’s the most frequent sort of volcanism on Io: monumental lakes of lava the place magma goes up and down,” mentioned Mura. “The lava crust is compelled to interrupt towards the partitions of the lake, forming the standard lava ring seen in Hawaiian lava lakes. The partitions are doubtless a whole lot of meters excessive, which explains why magma is usually not noticed spilling out of the paterae”—bowl-shaped options created by volcanism—”and shifting throughout the moon’s floor.”
This animation is an artist’s idea of Loki Patera, a lava lake on Jupiter’s moon Io, made utilizing knowledge from the JunoCam imager aboard NASA’s Juno spacecraft. With a number of islands in its inside, Loki is a melancholy stuffed with magma and rimmed with molten lava. Credit score: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS
JIRAM knowledge means that a lot of the floor of those Io sizzling spots consists of a rocky crust that strikes up and down cyclically as one contiguous floor as a result of central upwelling of magma. On this speculation, as a result of the crust touches the lake’s partitions, friction retains it from sliding, inflicting it to deform and finally break, exposing lava slightly below the floor.
Another speculation stays in play: Magma is welling up in the midst of the lake, spreading out and forming a crust that sinks alongside the rim of the lake, exposing lava.
“We’re simply beginning to wade into the JIRAM outcomes from the shut flybys of Io in December 2023 and February 2024,” mentioned Scott Bolton, principal investigator for Juno on the Southwest Analysis Institute in San Antonio. “The observations present fascinating new data on Io’s volcanic processes. Combining these new outcomes with Juno’s longer-term marketing campaign to observe and map the volcanoes on Io’s never-before-seen north and south poles, JIRAM is popping out to be probably the most precious instruments to find out how this tortured world works.”
Juno executed its 62nd flyby of Jupiter—which included an Io flyby at an altitude of about 18,175 miles (29,250 kilometers)—on June 13. The 63rd flyby of the fuel large is scheduled for July 16.
Extra data:
Alessandro Mura et al, Scorching rings on Io noticed by Juno/JIRAM, Communications Earth & Setting (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s43247-024-01486-5
Journal data:
Communications Earth & Setting