Amid the roilings of the Milky Means, immense pockets of gasoline coalesce into clouds the place stars are born. On this course of, there’s a hidden hand at play: magnetism.
“There’s this improbable quote: You possibly can measure a person’s ignorance by the energy of his magnetic area,” mentioned Susan Clark, an astrophysicist at Stanford College. “In different phrases, when we’ve a bit of an issue traditionally in astrophysics that we don’t absolutely perceive, simply blame the magnetic area. Simply wave our arms and say, ‘Ah! The magnetic area!’”
Precisely how this elementary power helps sculpt our galaxy has lengthy eluded scientists, largely as a result of measuring the galactic magnetic area is a substantial problem. Unable to detect it immediately, astronomers tease out clues by learning mud that has been aligned by the magnetic area and the sunshine that passes via this mud.
Whereas a lot stays unknown, new instruments and strategies are bringing us nearer to perceiving the affect of magnetism on the evolution of stars and galaxies, and Clark is likely one of the scientists spearheading this effort. Because the chief of the Cosmic Magnetism and Interstellar Physics group at Stanford, she makes use of a mixture of novel observational strategies, simulations and idea to unravel the puzzles of galactic magnetism. This 12 months, she was awarded the Sloan Analysis Fellowship for “excellent early-career school who’ve the potential to revolutionize their fields of examine.”
“We are attempting to not have it’s a measure of our ignorance, however actually perceive the detailed physics of how the magnetic area impacts issues,” Clark mentioned.
Quanta lately caught up with Clark at a convention in Santa Barbara, California, to study extra about her progress in probing the unseen forces of the galaxy. The interview has been condensed and edited for readability.
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Author”,”avatar”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.authors.0.acf.avatar”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”AuthorACF”},”$Submit:138884.authors.0.acf.avatar”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/jay-bennett.jpg”,”width”:1200,”peak”:1200,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.authors.0.acf.avatar.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.authors.0.acf.avatar.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/jay-bennett-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/jay-bennett-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/jay-bennett-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/jay-bennett.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/jay-bennett-768×768.jpg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/jay-bennett.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”giant”,”regular_caption_right”:true,”settings”:”large_margin”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Rachel Bujalski for u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Susan Clark has lengthy been drawn to the interstellar medium, the gasoline and dirt that magnetic fields sculpt into stars.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:138884.acf.modules.0.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/QA_SusanClark-crRachelBujalski-Lede-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”peak”:1440,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/QA_SusanClark-crRachelBujalski-Lede-520×293.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/QA_SusanClark-crRachelBujalski-Lede-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/QA_SusanClark-crRachelBujalski-Lede-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/QA_SusanClark-crRachelBujalski-Lede-1720×968.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/QA_SusanClark-crRachelBujalski-Lede-768×432.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/QA_SusanClark-crRachelBujalski-Lede-scaled.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.0.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.1″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:true,”content material”:”u003cp>Amid the roilings of the Milky Means, immense pockets of gasoline coalesce into clouds the place stars are born. On this course of, there’s a hidden hand at play: magnetism.u003c/p>nu003cp>“There’s this improbable quote: You possibly can measure a person’s ignorance by the energy of his magnetic area,” mentioned u003ca href=”https://physics.stanford.edu/folks/susan-e-clark”>Susan Clarku003c/a>, an astrophysicist at Stanford College. “In different phrases, when we’ve a bit of an issue traditionally in astrophysics that we don’t absolutely perceive, simply blame the magnetic area. Simply wave our arms and say, ‘Ah! The magnetic area!’”u003c/p>nu003cp>Precisely how this elementary power helps sculpt our galaxy has lengthy eluded scientists, largely as a result of measuring the galactic magnetic area is a substantial problem. Unable to detect it immediately, astronomers tease out clues by learning mud that has been aligned by the magnetic area and the sunshine that passes via this mud.u003c/p>nu003cp>Whereas a lot stays unknown, new instruments and strategies are bringing us nearer to perceiving the affect of magnetism on the evolution of stars and galaxies, and Clark is likely one of the scientists spearheading this effort. Because the chief of the Cosmic Magnetism and Interstellar Physics group at Stanford, she makes use of a mixture of novel observational strategies, simulations and idea to unravel the puzzles of galactic magnetism. This 12 months, she was awarded the Sloan Analysis Fellowship for “excellent early-career school who’ve the potential to revolutionize their fields of examine.”u003c/p>nu003cp>“We are attempting to not have it’s a measure of our ignorance, however actually perceive the detailed physics of how the magnetic area impacts issues,” Clark mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cp>u003cem>Quantau003c/em> lately caught up with Clark at a convention in Santa Barbara, California, to study extra about her progress in probing the unseen forces of the galaxy. The interview has been condensed and edited for readability.u003cstrong>u003cbr />nu003c/robust>u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”giant”,”regular_caption_right”:true,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Rachel Bujalski for u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Clark at her desk at Stanford College.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:138884.acf.modules.2.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-AtDesk-crRachelBujalski.webp”,”width”:2000,”peak”:1305,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-AtDesk-crRachelBujalski-520×339.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-AtDesk-crRachelBujalski-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-AtDesk-crRachelBujalski-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-AtDesk-crRachelBujalski-1720×1122.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-AtDesk-crRachelBujalski-768×501.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-AtDesk-crRachelBujalski.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.2.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.3″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003ch3>u003cstrong>What are you attempting to determine concerning the galaxy’s magnetic area?u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>There’s a lot we don’t know. We actually wish to perceive what function the magnetic area is enjoying in all of the completely different bodily processes that form the diffuse gasoline between stars, known as the interstellar medium, or ISM. We all know that the magnetic area is enjoying some type of nonetheless unclear function within the evolution of the gasoline to type very dense, chilly clumps of fabric known as molecular clouds which are the birthplaces of the celebrities. After which it performs a job in how that molecular cloud fragments and types stars. We actually don’t perceive the main points but in any respect. However you see these lengthy tendrils or filaments of gasoline in areas of the ISM with low density which are very effectively aligned with the magnetic area. We wish to perceive what meaning for the transition of gasoline between phases within the ISM, and for turbulence within the ISM.u003c/p>nu003ch3>u003cstrong>So the gasoline within the interstellar medium goes via phases? u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>The gasoline within the galaxy spans a mind-bending vary of bodily states. You’ve gotten these very dense, chilly molecular clouds. After which you may have, on the different excessive finish, highly regarded plasma. And you’ve got a variety of states in between, and we all know that the story of star formation and the evolution of galaxies generally entails gasoline flowing between these completely different bodily states, and we wish to perceive this complete life cycle of how gasoline will get transformed into stars and spewed again out into the interstellar medium to seed future generations of star formation.u003c/p>nu003cp>One factor we’ve found lately is that as you progress to denser constructions within the interstellar medium, the filamentary molecular clouds truly desire to orient orthogonally with respect to the native magnetic area. That is very tantalizing for the concept the construction of the magnetic area is perhaps necessary for the place and the way you sculpt these lengthy filamentary knots of molecular materials which are finally the issues that fragment and type stars. There are such a lot of open questions on that, and what we wish to do in the end is put collectively that complete evolutionary image of how gasoline and the magnetic area work together to control this technique of star formation.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”full”,”regular_caption_right”:true,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>SALSA V: Lopez-Rodriguez et al. 2022 (left); ESA/Hubbleu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>The Antennae galaxies are merging, as seen in these photos from the Hubble Area Telescope. Clark and her colleagues mapped the magnetic area orientations on prime of the picture at left.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:138884.acf.modules.4.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/AntennaeGalaxies-Diptych.webp”,”width”:1956,”peak”:985,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/AntennaeGalaxies-Diptych-520×262.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/AntennaeGalaxies-Diptych-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/AntennaeGalaxies-Diptych-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/AntennaeGalaxies-Diptych-1720×866.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/AntennaeGalaxies-Diptych-768×387.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/06/AntennaeGalaxies-Diptych.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.5″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003ch3>u003cstrong>Provided that the magnetic area itself is invisible, how do you map its construction?u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>The ISM has a variety of mud in it, chunks of fabric which are micron-size or smaller, and these little mud grains have some amorphous form; they’re not good spheres. And so they align with a most well-liked orientation with respect to the native magnetic area that they’re sitting in. One consequence is that should you have a look at optical or near-infrared mild coming off of a background star, the sunshine is filtering via all of those magnetically aligned mud grains, and so they take up the sunshine that’s polarized parallel to their lengthy axis. So you’ll be able to measure the polarization of the remaining starlight, and what you see is an imprint of the magnetic area within the mud in between your telescope and the star — isn’t that cool?u003c/p>nu003cp>After which these mud grains are additionally radiating mild, and that radiation has a polarization angle set by the orientation of the native magnetic area. So these are simply two of the instruments that we use.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”common”,”regular_caption_right”:false,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Rachel Bujalski for u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:””,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:138884.acf.modules.6.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Papers-crRachelBujalski.webp”,”width”:2000,”peak”:1318,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Papers-crRachelBujalski-520×343.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Papers-crRachelBujalski-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Papers-crRachelBujalski-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Papers-crRachelBujalski-1720×1133.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Papers-crRachelBujalski-768×506.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Papers-crRachelBujalski.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.6.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.7″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003ch3>u003cstrong>What can we find out about how the galaxy’s magnetic fields are generated?u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>That is one other massive open query. We wish to perceive the final word origin of magnetism within the universe. However the actually pertinent difficult query is: How do we’ve these large-scale, coherent, organized magnetic fields? How is it that, most likely within the technique of forming the galaxy, the motions of the gasoline had been in a position to amplify and distribute the magnetic area to have the construction that we observe right this moment? And one of many issues that has been actually useful for attempting to reply this query is to have observations of the magnetic area construction in different galaxies as effectively.u003c/p>nu003ch3>u003cstrong>Do you see completely different magnetic area constructions with several types of galaxies? u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>Sure, and we’re nonetheless attempting to grasp precisely what the entire image is right here. One of many very cool observations we u003ca href=”https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/acaaa2″>printed recentlyu003c/a> is of the polarization of far-infrared mild from the Antennae galaxies. These are a pair of merging galaxies, and we noticed that on this interplay area between them there was a really coherent magnetic area construction inferred from mud polarization, which is fascinating for all kinds of causes. We’re actually firstly of understanding this stuff.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”full”,”regular_caption_right”:true,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Rachel Bujalski for u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Clark in her workplace at Stanford.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:138884.acf.modules.8.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Diptych-scaled.webp”,”width”:2560,”peak”:854,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Diptych-520×174.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Diptych-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Diptych-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Diptych-1720×574.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Diptych-768×256.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-Diptych-2880×961.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.8.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.9″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003ch3>u003cstrong>Can learning the galactic magnetic area inform us something about the way it originated? u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>We do wish to know what’s accountable for the “seed” magnetic area that obtained amplified throughout the formation of galaxies. It’s potential that that area was primordial, that means it originated throughout the universe’s start. Nevertheless it appears to me that our measurements of the modern-day magnetic fields in galaxies on their very own aren’t going to inform us the place the preliminary seed area got here from. It tells you there was some weak seed area, however that’s all.u003c/p>nu003ch3>u003cstrong>Why did you grow to be curious about galactic magnetic fields? It looks as if a really particular downside. u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>I really like issues the place there are massive, thrilling, open questions. And what I additionally love about my area is that we get to sort out these issues the place it’s not simply that we don’t know the reply, we generally don’t know one of the simplest ways to ask the query. Typically we’re asking: How can we method this? The place is the knowledge in these astrophysical tracers that lets us even ask the query that we wish to ask? So we get to be a bit inventive.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”full”,”regular_caption_right”:true,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Rachel Bujalski for u003cem>Quanta Magazineu003c/em>u003c/p>n”,”caption”:””,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:138884.acf.modules.10.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-LeaningOutside-crRachelBujalski.webp”,”width”:2385,”peak”:1436,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.picture.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.picture.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-LeaningOutside-crRachelBujalski-520×313.webp”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-LeaningOutside-crRachelBujalski-160×160.webp”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-LeaningOutside-crRachelBujalski-520×520.webp”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-LeaningOutside-crRachelBujalski-1720×1036.webp”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-LeaningOutside-crRachelBujalski-768×462.webp”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2024/07/SusanClark-LeaningOutside-crRachelBujalski.webp”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”:{“alt”:null,”caption”:null,”url”:null,”width”:null,”peak”:null,”sizes”:{“sort”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.10.units.0.mobile_zoom_image.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:null,”square_small”:null,”square_large”:null,”medium”:null,”medium_large”:null,”giant”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:138884.acf.modules.11″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003ch3>u003cstrong>When had been you first drawn to studying about it? u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cp>I don’t assume that was from some deep-seated, lifelong want to review magnetism, however it grabbed me in grad college as an space of astrophysics that isn’t effectively understood and is prevented for its complexity.u003c/p>nu003cp>For astrophysics generally, I did a Nationwide Science Basis analysis expertise for undergraduates at Arecibo in Puerto Rico the summer season earlier than my senior 12 months, and it was unbelievable. That’s after I realized I wished to work on the ISM, after I actually appreciated what the ISM was. It was my first expertise with full-time analysis, and it was at this unbelievable facility — each as a result of the telescope is unbelievable and since you dwell there on-site in these little cabins. The cabin that Jodie Foster was in, within the film u003cem>Contactu003c/em>, that’s the place my bunk mattress was. u003cstrong> u003c/robust>u003c/p>nu003ch3>u003cstrong>Was there an earlier second whenever you realized you wished to be a scientist?u003c/robust>u003c/h3>nu003cdiv id=’component-66831341e6500’ class=”related-list”>u003cscript sort=”textual content/template”>{“sort”:”LinkList”,”id”:”component-66831341e6500″,”information”:{“title”:”Associated:”,”class”:”related-list”,”hyperlinks”:[{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/he-seeks-mystery-magnetic-fields-with-his-quantum-compass-20240517/”,”title”:”He Seeks Mystery Magnetic Fields With His Quantum Compass”},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-hidden-magnetic-universe-begins-to-come-into-view-20200702/”,”title”:”The Hidden Magnetic Universe Begins to Come Into View”},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/radio-maps-may-reveal-the-universes-biggest-magnetic-fields-20240206/”,”title”:”Radio Maps May Reveal the Universeu2019s Biggest Magnetic Fields”}]}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>The trustworthy fact is that I didn’t all the time wish to be a scientist. On the level of coming into faculty, I used to be like, possibly I’ll double main in biology and English. I liked biology specifically, and I’ve all the time liked writing, so I believed possibly I’d be a author.u003c/p>nu003cp>I’ve all the time been very curious about every thing. It’s a typical chorus for astronomers to say, “Oh, ever since I used to be a bit child, I completely liked area, and I knew that’s precisely what I wished to do after I grew up.” And I undoubtedly liked area as a bit child, however I additionally liked rocks, and dinosaurs, and lizards. Salamanders specifically. If something, it began with wanting beneath rocks for salamanders with my sisters within the yard in Virginia. 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